The Nexus of the Business Ethics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2392 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business ethics is the application of ethical values to business behavior. It applies to any and all aspects of business conduct, from boardroom strategies and how companies treat their suppliers to sales techniques and accounting practices. Ethics goes beyond the legal requirements for a company and is, therefore, discretionary. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Nexus of the Business Ethics" essay for you Create order Business ethics applies to the conduct of individuals and to the conduct of the organization as a whole. It is about how a company does its business, how it behaves intrinsically. The philosophy behind ethics having relevance to business is based on the fact that company, like an individual, is an important factor in society. Companies do not operate in a vacuum, but are part of society. Just as society expects a certain standard of behaviour from individuals, it also expects businesses to abide by similar standards. According to MORI research in July 2002, 80 % of the UK public believe thatÂÂ  large companies have a moral responsibility to society. But people no longer trust business to do the right thing. In the same survey, 61 % of people thought large companies dont really care about the long-term environmental and social impact of their actions. Companies require what is often called a license to operate. In other words, they need the approval of society in order to cont inue doing business. People expect companies to look after their staff and tell customers the truth. They also increasingly expect companies to address their environmental impacts and make sure that the people who make their products are treated fairly, wherever the company operates. A companys core values and codes of ethical behaviour should underpin everything that the business does. How a company then chooses to interact with its global and local communities in the light of its values and ethics is often known as Corporate Responsibility or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Generally, a company has five principle stakeholders as those with whom the company has a financial relationship. They are shareholders; customers; employees; suppliers and the community (through the payment of taxes). Other interested parties who may have influence over the companys behaviour would include the media; campaigning NGOs; competitors and the regulators, although these latter might be fin ancial stakeholders if they have power to regulate prices. Comparative Study: Ethics can be defined as a code of conduct that is based on the understanding of what is wrong or right. Therefore business ethics may be described as a set or informal code of conduct that may be displayed between the employees and the employer, company and the clients, as well as an organization to its neighbors and business associates. The need to display acceptableÂÂ  business ethicsÂÂ  is based on the perception that a mutually acceptable code of ethics improves productivity and minimizes employee complaints. A business organization that embraces good moral standards usually wins the efforts of the worker. There are decreased employees complaints and increased morale whenever the ethics applied are acceptable by the workers. Poor ethical presentation signifies compromised product and service delivery. For instance, if a company uses unacceptable recruitment procedures, this may result to subordination by the staff through poor production. This may lead to reduced revenues. In addition, an organization may have a sound ethics presentation system such as through right recruitment channels and procedures, rewarding of employees, and reprimanding of workers.ÂÂ   This creates a favorable working environment for the employee. This impacts on the production and general income levels of the company. Therefore, if a company sets good ethics frameworks and its implementation, this significantly improves on its performance. When the tool of ethical presentation is misused by a company, this brings in confrontations between the staff and the management. There is reduced concentration in duty execution. At the same time, poor application of work ethics drives away customers especially when the element of customer care is not applied responsibly. Poor employee-customer communication may result to dissatisfaction of the external customer resulting to withdraw ofÂÂ  consumption behavior. Positively, ethical presentation can create and strengthe n clients-company bond thus nurturing loyalty within the clientele. Ethics presentation can also impact on the competitiveness of the company to the business community. A company that practices sound ethics usually triumphs over the employees and clients needs and expectations which are the greatest tools of success of an organization. There is increased productivity, diversification of skills through innovation and creativity. On the other hand, there is improved buying behavior from the customers. This drives the company to profitability hence assuming the advantage of market leader and corporate ethics. Ethics presentation instills discipline in work place transforming to high performance through efficiency, concentration and respect. A company earns recognition and pride hence influencing the prospective customers. A company that receives confidence from the workers succeeds in growth and has a competitive edge. One may argue that business and ethics doÂÂ  not necessaril y go together. Succeeding in business is largely about advancing our own private interestsaggressively competing against other people, beating them out for the same prize, and having unlimited ambition for money, position, and power. The moral life, by contrast, focuses on our duties to othersnot to hurt anyone (deliberately or accidentally), to place other peoples interests ahead of our own when its called for, and always to treat others with the dignity and respect they deserve. Yet being scrupulously honest and caring in our business dealings with others can sometimes cost us sales, deals, money, and promotions. Refusing to go along with other peoples unethical behavior can even cost us our jobs. When taken too far in business, even healthy self-interest, competitiveness, and ambition can go turn into selfishness, aggression, and greedtraits that are clearly at odds with the moral life. It seems, then, that taking ethics seriously in business extracts a price and may make success more difficult to come by. But if this is true, why should any of us make the effort to do whats right? In particular, what would we say to someone who asks, Why should I be ethical?ÂÂ  Whats in it for me?. The most suitable response to this argument is to draw an empirical scenario of business world in 21st century where news is accessible and reachable by virtue of information technology all over the world. Nowadays, companies are open to public with loads of information regarding their business conducts and products. And any unfair business practice can badly affect the company reputation and destroy it completely. So it is for the sake of business itself to operate within a fair and ethical way. Moreover, having an ethical policy is good governance practice and is one of the hallmarks of a well-run business. It can reassure investors and other stakeholders about the companys approach to its non-financial risks. Besides providing a license to operate, having an ethical poli cy can also help to protect and enhance corporate reputation; can motivate and encourage loyalty in staff and can be useful in terms of risk management. The Institute of Business Ethics analyses the relationship between ethics and reputation risk management. Ethics policies are also an important aspect of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) and can stand companies in good stead with indices such as the FTSE4Good or the Dow Jones Sustainability Group.ÂÂ  In addition, another research shows that from three of four measures of corporate value (EVA, MVA and P/E ratio), it was found that, during 1997-2001, those companies in the sample that had had a code of ethics for at least five years outperformed a similar sized group who said they did not have a code. A number of companies have publicly claimed that ethics is good for their business. Well known for its ethical stance, The Co-operative Bank claims that itsÂÂ  ethical and ecological positioning makes a sizable contributio n to the banks profitability. The banks 2002 Partnership Report claims that,ÂÂ  for 2000, the profit attributable to ethically motivated customers was stated at between 15 % and 18 % of the banks profit before tax. Case Study: A series of external and internal factors are putting pressure on companies to address ethics. These include the increasing influence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs); a pervasive media in search of stories; the knock-on effect of corporate accountancy scandals such as Enron and WorldCom; increasing legislation and the growth of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), as well as changing consumer and employee expectations. In 1977, following a series of scandals involving bribery by U. S. firms abroad including the Lockheed $12 million bribery case that led to the fall of the Japanese government at the time, the U. S. government passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Act was historic because it was the first piece of legislation that attempted to control the actions of U.S. corporations in foreign countries. The Act prohibited U. S. companies from paying large sums of money (or their equivalent) to high level government officials of other countries to obtain special t reatment. A number of companies prior to the Act had already adopted the policy of refusing to pay bribes as a matter of ethical principle. IBM, among others, was known for adherence to this policy, as was Motorola. The Act forced all companies to live up to the already existing ethical norm. Its critics complained, however, that it put U. S. companies at an unfair disadvantage vis-Ã  -vis companies from other countries that were permitted to pay bribes. The U. S. government applied what pressure it could to encourage other countries to follow its lead, and finally twenty years later the OECD countries agreed to adopt similar legislation. In 1978 General Motors and a group of other U. S. companies adopted what are known as the Sullivan Principles, which governed their actions in South Africa. The signatories agreed that they would not follow the discriminatory and repressive apartheid legislation in South Africa and would take affirmative action to try to undermine apartheid not only by not following the existing South African apartheid statutes, but also by lobbying the South African government for change. Adherence to the Principles was seen as a way by which American companies could ethically justify doing business in South Africa. They were adopted in part as a response to public pressure on the companies to leave South Africa. The Principles have become a model for other voluntary codes of ethical conduct by companies in a variety of other ethically questionable circumstances. By the 1980s many companies had started reacting to calls for ethical structures, and more and more started adopting ethical codes and instituting ethics training for their employees. Each wave of scandals, which seemed to occur every ten years or so, resulted in more pressure for companies to incorporate ethics into their structures. In 1984 the Union Carbide disaster at its plant in Bhopal, India, which killed thousands of people and injured several hundred thousand, focuse d world attention on the chemical industry. This led to the chemical industrys adopting a voluntary code of ethical conduct known as Responsible Care, which became a model for other industries. In 1986, in response to a series of reported irregularities in defense contracts, a special Commission Report on the situation led to the establishment of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII) on Business Ethics and Conduct, signed by thirty-two (it soon increased to fifty) major defense contractors. Each signatory agreed to have a written code of ethics, establish appropriate ethics training programs for their employees, establish monitoring mechanisms to detect improper activity, share their best practices, and be accountable to the public. The DII became the model for what has been the most significant governmental impetus to the business ethics movement, namely, the 1991 U. S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Corporations. That law took the approach of providing an incentive for corpo rations to incorporate ethical structures within their organizations. If a company could show that it had taken appropriate measures to prevent and detect illegal and unethical behavior, its sentence, if found guilty of illegal behavior, would be reduced considerably. Appropriate measures included having a code of ethics or of conduct, a high-placed officer in charge of oversight, an ethics training program, a monitoring and reporting system (such as a hotline), and an enforcement and response system. Fines that could reach up to $290 million could be reduced by up to 95 percent if a company could showÂÂ  bona fideÂÂ  institutional structures that were in place to help prevent unethical and illegal conduct. The result was a concerted effort on the part of most large companies to incorporate into their organizations the structures required. This led to the development of a corporate position known as the Corporate Ethics Officer, and in 1992 to the establishment of the Corp orate Ethics Officer Association. The most recent legislative incentive to incorporate ethics in the corporation came in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, passed as a result of a rash of scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, Arthur Andersen and other prominent corporations. The Act requires, among other things, that the CEO and CFO certify the fairness and accuracy of corporate financial statements (with criminal penalties for knowing violations) and a code of ethics for the corporations senior financial officers, as well as requiring a great deal more public disclosure. Corporations have responded to legislative and popular pressure in a variety of ways. The language of social responsibility rather than explicitly ethical language is still probably the most commonly used. Self-monitoring of adherence to a corporations stated principles and self-adopted standards is becoming more common, and some companies have voluntarily adopted monitoring of their practices, policies and plants by independent auditors. The notion of a Triple Bottom Line, which involves financial, social and environmental corporate reporting, has been adopted by a number of companies. Other popular reporting mechanisms include corporate environmental sustainability reports and social audits, which vary considerably in what is reported and how it is reported. Ethical investing is another aspect of the movement, and mangers of ethical investment funds have begun proposing stockholder proposals as a means of encouraging more ethical behavior on the part of corporations in which they own stock. Conclusion: The above discussion reveals that ethics is must to do business well and to maximize profit. However, it is not so smooth as selfishness and unfair market completion creates obstacles in the way and encourages people to resort to unethical means to get the best out of it. But in the long run only that business remains profitable which continuously provides good quality products and keeps following fair policy.

My Fathers Life - 1110 Words

In between the two world wars, America suffered from hunger and unemployment. This all happened because of the huge economic crisis, which struck the whole world in 1929. It is not unusual that this type of crisis can lead man into alcoholism and gambling, and quickly, a whole family can be on the edge of destruction. This is exactly what Raymond Carver describes in his novel â€Å"My Father’s Life† from 1984. In his novel, Raymond Carver describes his father’s life, starting with his death and continuing with how he met his wife. The story goes on, telling about their poor life, his alcoholism, gambling and his unfaithfulness. The father is named Clevie Raymond Carver and he is roughly described as a drunkard, who has a hard time finding†¦show more content†¦He writes this poem in the period where he is most identic to his father: â€Å"I wrote the poem when I was living in an apartment house in an urban area of south Francisco, at a time when I found myself, like my dad, having trouble with alcohol.† -------------------------------------------- [ 1 ]. (P. 170, l. 16-19) [ 2 ]. (P. 175, l. 9-11) [ 3 ]. (P. 169, l. 34-37) [ 4 ]. (P. 174-175, l. 40-3) [ 5 ]. (P. 174, l. 28-30) [ 6 ]. (P. 172, l. 5-8) [ 7 ]. (P. 171, l. 22-25) [ 8 ]. (P. 175, l.Show MoreRelatedMy Life With My Father1066 Words   |  5 PagesHospital in Bronxville New York. I was named after my father and grandfather which made me Manuel Pragana the Third. Having the same name as three other people in my family made it ever tough for us to figure out when someone yelled Manny which one they were trying to get ahold of. I lived the first year of my life with my mother and father in their house in Yonkers where both of them grew up. Soon after my parents found out that they were having my younger brother Antonio they packed me up and boughtRead MoreMy Life Is My Father1180 Words   |  5 Pagesseen as my hero my whole life is my father. He is the most humble man I know. His humility remind me each day how there are good people that truly exist in this world. He he acquired this trait from my grandfather and grandmother who use to clothe, feed, and house immigrants that came to the United stated in the mid 70s and 80s. My dad told me ho w my grandpa never denied anyone help how he would help those that came through his house until they were able to get on their two feet. My pride wouldRead MoreMy Life As A Father1676 Words   |  7 PagesI would like to share some things that have made me think of late, mainly of the short comings that I have faced myself, as a father (yes, I have been guilty on occasion), and now Grandfather, although time is on my side to correct this, as my Granddaughter is about to turn 3 years old in December. I went back into baseball last year, to play for the Werribee Giants Baseball Club, after being away from the game for almost 20 years. I was welcomed with open arms and the opportunity to coach wasRead MoreMy Fathers Life1094 Words   |  5 Pagesquickly, a whole family can be on the edge of destruction. This is exactly what Raymond Carver describes in his novel â€Å"My Father’s Life† from 1984. In his novel, Raymond Carver describes his father’s life, starting with his death and continuing with how he met his wife. The story goes on, telling about their poor life, his alcoholism, gambling and his unfaithfulness. The father is named Clevie Raymond Carver and he is roughly described as a drunkard, who has a hard time finding work and stayingRead MoreMy Life Of My Father849 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Goodbye Daddy†. Those two simple words felt stained to my lips every time I had to say them while growing up. I was raised in a military family, with a father that was never home. My father was in Special Forces so he was constantly deployed for months on end. I think his longest deployment was probably fifteen months, maybe eighteen, I have grown to forget them by now. While growing up, I was never allowed to discuss my father’s circumstances. Not just because of how important and secretive heRead MoreMy Life With My Father Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesThe One Week That Will Last a Lifetime Isn t it funny how fast life can seem to pass by? Often we are so caught up in the daily actions of the world that we miss certain things in the meantime. As if we all have infinite time to do infinite things with the people that we carry dearly in our hearts every single day. Life as we know however, is not always this beautiful. I found this out the hard way by losing my father, and falling into a depression I struggle with everyday. I had a very interestingRead MoreMy Life Of My Father984 Words   |  4 PagesSongtan, South Korea. Bringing me into this world must have been a tremendous task for my mother because she reminds me often how difficult birthing me was. My mother unconditionally loved me the way I was and bought me a lot of dresses that a princess would wear in a fairy tale book. Also, she encouraged my learning and bought me more than hundreds of books to broaden my insight of the world. However, my father was a traditional, patriarchal Korean man who was immediately ashamed that his first bornRead MoreMy Life Of My Father2733 Words   |  11 Pageshad turned seven, my mother had demanded a divorce from my father, but he didn’t want one and started to threaten my mother if she left him. For instance, one morning, I recall my mother arguing with my father about him not being around and always being drunk and high on drugs. My father was going around the house punching walls and throwing picture frames and anything he was able to get his hands on. I remember running into my parent’s room and seeing my mother holding on to my little sister withRead MoreMy Life Of My Father1433 Words   |  6 Pagesearly 40’s and considered by the government standard as being middle class. My mother was rushed to the hospital on March 14th, 1995 in Brandon, Florida. This made me the youngest of their three children. My sister is ten years older than I am and my brother is seven years older. After I turned two years old my family packed up and moved to Mobile, Alabama, where I would eventually grow up to become who I am today. My father took a job as the head of the grounds crew at Spring Hill College. He wasRead MoreMy Life Of My Father1778 Words   |  8 PagesArabia; I was with my father visiting family for the first time in my life. As we got on the tube from the plane and walked towards the terminal, you are hit with that unfamiliar new smell of a country you just arrived, then to my surprise there was a big costume party that everyone are participating in, men in white dresses and red scarves on their heads, and women covered in black sheets from head to toe. I couldn’t believe my eyes that they have costume parties in the airport; is what my seven year old

New Zealand Families Today Free Essays

string(72) " decision nor felt that their wellbeing was affected by their decision\." RESEARCH PROJECT Women in later life who have chosen to remain voluntarily childfree what are the implications if any? 1. AIM The aim of the research is to explore the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree for women in later life within the New Plymouth district of New Zealand. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on New Zealand Families Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now a. INTRODUCTION Within many Western industrialised societies there are notions that children provide fulfillment, give purpose and offset loneliness in later life. There are tales like the ‘Three Spinsters’ from the writers The Brothers Grimm which have contributed to the stereotypes of childless women as lonely, bitter and unfulfilled for decades. If children are necessary at preventing loneliness in older age there is concern in regards to the New Zealand population trend. The 2006 New Zealand census released reports that by 2016 one in four women will remain childless. The implications of the assumption that children are necessary for elderly wellbeing could mean that our ageing generations may be prone to loneliness. The changing demographics of our society combined with the findings that there is no research to date on voluntary childfree women in later life within New Zealand has amplified my interest in this research topic. My interest in this research proposal stems from my own position in life. I am a 35 year old Pakeha woman who has chosen to remain childfree. I have had many assumptions put forward to me in regards to my personal choice to remain voluntarily childfree. These are mainly aimed around the notion that I am destined for loneliness in later life and that I will be unfulfilled. Therefore I have made my position within this research proposal transparent as I acknowledge it is influential to my perspective when I undertake the research. Delwyn Field Page 2 The research proposal will outline the research methodology to be carried out. The research will be qualitative based on a feminist’s perspective, to provide knowledge of women issues, for women from women. The research will be guided by feminist ideology and explore the socially constructed norms of womanhood without motherhood. The data collection will be the use of storytelling which is fitting with qualitative research. The story telling process will enlighten the researcher on how the participants came to their chosen life path. This will be informative as the participants came from the eras of where motherhood and childbirth was predominately something that happened to women not chosen by women (Held, 1989, as cited in Riley, 2008). The participants for the research will be women who have chosen to remain childfree and they will be over the age of 65. The age range of 65 plus is described as late adulthood in human development lifespan theories (Berk, 2007). I have chosen this age criteria because critical social, emotional and developmental stages occur in this period of life which are broadly universal to most elderly (Berk, 2007). The research proposal will also be based on the New Plymouth district of New Zealand. The New Plymouth district consists of â€Å"New Plymouth and the towns of Waitara, Inglewood, Urenui, Okato, Bell Block, Oakura and many other smaller rural communities† (New Plymouth District Council, n. d. ). Within New Zealand there is no empirical research done on New Zealand voluntary childless women in smaller urban areas in later life, hence why the research will be conducted here. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review has minimal reference to New Zealand literature as there is a limited study on voluntary childfree persons within New Zealand. Therefore the majority of the literature relied on is sourced from Western industrialised countries. In 1997, Cameron investigated voluntary childless within New Zealand in her book Without Issue; New Zealanders who choose not to have children. The participants within Delwyn Field Page 3 the research were numerous and involved mostly the qualitative approach of telling their story (Cameron, 1997). One of the themes that was highlighted in Cameron’s (1997) study was the social perceptions of voluntary childfree persons; the assumption that they were unhappy, selfish, emotionally unstable, immature and LONELY. This assumption of lonely old women has fueled the myth that those who choose not to have children are going to be miserable in their later years (Cameron, 1997). This was a common theme uncovered in further literature. This stereotyped image of voluntary childfree as lonely and unfulfilled is still predominating in our society in the twenty first century. Riley in her 2008 Masters of Social Science in Psychology researched stereotyping of voluntary childfree couples within New Zealand. This qualitative study interviewed and held focus groups of ten couples, to delve into stereotypes, pressures and harassments of their chosen life path. One of the stereotypes that were identified was that they were â€Å"destined for loneliness in later life† (Riley, 2008, p. ii). Throughout Riley’s 2008 thesis the belief by those who have/want children is that for individuals in society, and especially women children were fundamental in providing fulfillment and companionship. Jamison, Franzini and Kaplan (1979, cited in Riley, 2008) investigation of American university students supported Riley (2008) view that there are negative implications for women in later life who were remaining childfree. The students perceived these women to be â€Å"less likely to be happy and satisfied in old age† (Jamison, Franzini Kaplan, 1979 cited in Riley, 2008, p. 21). The participants in Riley’s (2008) research noted that there was harassment and pressure in regards to the implications and risks they were taking in remaining childfree. These were messages that in later life they would be alone, they would not have children to support or give them fulfillment this would be internalised and their wellbeing would be effected (Riley, 2008). Delwyn Field Page 4 Regret is a message that childfree persons seem to hear continually in regards to their decision (Cameron, 1997). But there is to date research that has actually provided the opposite outcome. In Jeffries and Konnett (2002) research found that 22 out of 23 participants of the Canadian voluntary childfree women did not regret their decision nor felt that their wellbeing was affected by their decision. You read "New Zealand Families Today" in category "Papers" When analyzing Zhang and Hayward’s (2001) quantitative research of Americans in the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) to conclude the Psychological wellbeing of childless older persons stereotypes are actually unfounded. The result of their research concluded that childlessness when voluntary did not support the hypothesis that â€Å"childlessness increases loneliness and depression for divorced, widowed and never married elderly persons† (Zhang Hayward, 2001, p. 311). Therefore children make little difference in how women fare in later life in regards to loneliness. This was again confirmed by Rempel’s (1985) research article into the childless elderly. Rempel used the 1979 Social Change in Canada’s data base to compare childless and parent elderly. The results from the research showed that statistically there were minimal disparities of what they were missing in life. The article stated there were benefits to both choices in life. When reviewing the article Rempel (1985) highlighted the ability of those who were childfree to have a parallel quality of life of those who were parents in later life. This refutes the concern that childfree elderly are isolated and lonely. What points to the parallel quality of life is that thou adult children provide support networks to elderly parents. The childfree elderly also have an established network of friends and family e. g. siblings who contribute to their support networks (Rempel, 1985). Rempel (1985) suggest this is due to childfree persons knowing that in later life children are not going to be available. So in turn they produce a life that ensures they are â€Å"capable self reliant elderly† with an established support network they nurture (Rempel, 1985, p. 347). Delwyn Field Page 5 Zhang and Hayward (2001) confirmed that the social support network was crucial in childfree elderly maintaining wellbeing. Their research linked older childless persons being integrated into close friend networks instead of the close family networks older parents had established this was on par or to a greater level at providing support (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). The research also underpinned the role of siblings, nieces and nephews played in elderly childfree lives as being important compared to that of elderly parents lives (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). Connidis and Davis (1990) qualitative survey of over 400 older person to conclude the place of family and friends in later life also states the use of differing support networks of elderly people is beneficial. In depth individual one hour interviews in America discovered that among elderly persons a diversified social network provides the best support in later life (Connidis and Davis, 1990). This is most favorable to childfree women as they tend to develop the strongest ties with friends and siblings as both companions and confidents (Connidis Davis, 1990). This may be again due to ensuring their self reliance in later life due to no children to depend upon. One of the key findings in loneliness, social isolation and living alone in later life was the size of the individual’s social network in offsetting negative effects of loneliness (Victor, Bowling, Bond Scambler, n. d). Though a large amount of this literature review has shown loneliness is not the destiny of elderly childfree persons, it unfortunately has not included New Zealand childfree women. Therefore when analyzing Riley’s (2008) childfree participants in her New Zealand study was there any key theme that was established in regards to social networks and loneliness pertaining to the participants? All participants raised the concern of their status ‘childfree’ as making them more socially excluded. The difficulty of remaining friends with people when they became parents was expressed due to the â€Å"nature of the relationship† would change (Riley, 2008, p. 57). Maintaining friendships with parents was an issue and affected social networks. Cameron (1997) also discovered this in her Delwyn Field Page 6 study that childfree people believe that if they were parents they would have access to larger social networks (Cameron, 1997). This is because parents have more in common with other parent’s children provide a connection that is not available to childfree (Riley, 2008). Although to date no data could be found within the literature research to confirm that parenting is a guarantee to social inclusion. Unfortunately no participants were elderly to conclude loneliness in later life. More research needs to be conducted in regards to New Zealand Childfree persons to conclude social network supports and loneliness in elderly here. An article released by New Zealand Statistics in 2008 concluded that if trends continue one in four elderly women in New Zealand will be childless. New Zealand statistics also stated that childless is more common among women living in main urban areas (Boddington Didham, 2008). Boddington and Didham (2008) who collated this information from the 2006 census state this is due to the larger social networks available in main urban areas. So will women who remain voluntary childfree and reside in smaller urban areas, be subjected to more negative impacts from their decision due to more smaller social networks? 3. METHOD The research proposed is from a qualitative approach using storytelling as a means of data collection. This method is applied because of the argument presented in favor of qualitative research that it â€Å"†¦views the social world as a complex, dynamic reality†¦ of multiple layers of meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Connolly, 2002, p. 27). Therefore qualitative data enables a more comprehensive insight into the complexity of people. Qualitative research also supports feminist principles of where women are collaborative and equal in the research (Smith Noble-Spreull, 1986). Where-as if a quantitative method was applied in this research, it would focus on controlled data where the researcher has a hierarchical relationship with the researched, thus not equal and consistent with feminist values. Also through telling their stories women are given a voice to speak out within the public arena Delwyn Field Page 7 on pronatalism attitudes (promoting childbearing) which have been linked with patriarchal values and subordination of women (Riley, 2008). In turn this research will empower women to explore the complexity of childfree women which is important for feminism. Hence the qualitative approach when researching women who choose to remain voluntary childfree embraces the feminist perspective and enables us to seek understanding and information from the participant’s point of view (Bryman, 2001). 3. 1 DATA COLLECTION The data collection for the research is through one on one interview through storytelling. Davidson Tolich state â€Å"storytelling aims to explore an individual’s identity†¦through personal accounts† (Alice, 2003, p. 6). It is a method that reveals rich data because when individuals talk of their understanding of events they may retell it giving greater insight to the complexity of their experiences and themselves (Webster Mertova, 2007). This would be favorable in this research because the participants may have quite unique and complex accounts of their chosen life path where their poin t of view is vital for data collection. Feminists also believe that storytelling is unique at capturing the â€Å"diversity of experiences between women† (Alice, 2003, p. 67). The interviews will be conducted within the participants home, at times which are most convenient for them. There is no structured time set due to the nature of the data collection method, but the research is based on one or two in depth interviews. The life stories will provide the interview format, my role as the researcher will be to provide prompts to encourage the flow of the interview process. Being an insider within the research proposal, and having my position transparent through contributing and sharing in the interview, will enhance the process of sharing stories. Through the storytelling collection method the research will seek to cover several aspects of the participant’s life story. These will be consistent with revealing data that will help to conclude what it is like to be voluntary childfree in later life. See appendix one for subject matter the interviews will be seeking to cover from each participant. If a more formal structured Delwyn Field Page 8 interview was to take place assumptions about the participant may taint their viewpoint and limit the data collected (Bryman 2001). The interviews will be recorded by audiotape, once consent is gained from the participants (Appendix two). This will enable me, the interviewer, to remain focused on the participants and enable the flow of the interview. Note taking will not be included as it may distort respondent’s answers and may be interruptive in the flow of the interview (Bryman 2001). The audiotapes will be transcribed by the interviewer and transferred to a hard copy. The participants will be invited to be supplied with a full copy of the audio interview and hard copy. This will in turn encourage reciprocity i. e. equal bi directional relationships within the research process, which is in line with feminism ideology (Smith Noble-Spreull, 1986). It will also allow for the participants to confirm and have the opportunity to comment and make changes to their stories. This empowers the participant and encourages an egalitarian relationship which is congruent with qualitative research (Smith Noble Spreull, 1986). The data through out the research project will be kept in a locked filing cabinet within my home in Taranaki. All information that is stored on computer will be contained in a secure file. At the end of the research project all data will be destroyed that is held on the computer, and within the filing cabinet. The participant’s audio tapes and hard copy transcripts will be returned to them or destroyed at the end of the research depending on their personal preference. The qualitative research will be analysed using coding where data retrieved from the story telling is broken down to key findings using the themes from the interview guide and other categories (appendix one). The other categories may be quite broad due to the in-depth nature of the data collection, thus sub categories may evolve through the data analysis (Bryman, 2001). The use of coding within the research enables the researcher to review transcripts and decipher significant common themes of the participants interviews Delwyn Field Page 9 (Bryman, 2001). The coding process will categorize the participant’s life stories showing common patterns in the social world of those who remain voluntary childfree and allow for analysis of the data (Bryman, 2001). Within the data collection coding should be done as soon as possible to â€Å"†¦sharpen your understanding of the data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and help with providing other emerging patterns (Bryman, 2001, p. 398). These patterns above the interview themes will contribute to the findings and the development of a theory to conclude the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree in later life. Once the coding is complete the data can be statistically analysed. 3. 2 SAMPLE GROUP/ PARTICIPANTS The sample group will consist of seven voluntary participants. The criteria for the sample group will be female, aged 65 years plus, voluntary childfree, living independent within the New Plymouth district community and have no cognitive impairment e. g. Alzheimer’s and dementia. The participants will be recruited through volunteer means. An advertisement will be placed within the local New Plymouth Midweek paper, over a period of two months recruiting volunteer participants (appendix four). The advertisement will also target local agency Age Concern to advertise in their newsletter magazine (Appendix four). Recruitment will also depend on invitations been extended through snowballing where the researcher depends on the social network groups of childfree women to enable invitation. Bryman (2001) describes snowballing as the opportunity to use a small group to recruit other participants who are relevant for the research. This method of recruitment is chosen because there is no data base to seek women who have chosen to remain voluntary childfree available in New Zealand. The researcher will select the first seven participants who meet the chosen criteria. The number of participants allows the researcher to acquire a large enough sample base for data to be consequential in providing an analysis of voluntary childfree women. The Delwyn Field Page 10 group number is also conducive in enabling the type of data collection method to be effectively conducted. This is due the in depth nature of story telling collection methods in conjunction with the time restraints of the research proposal. The selected seven participants will be sent a letter introducing the researcher stating what is required as participants (appendix three), and a consent form (appendix two). The consent form will tell the participants of their rights, where the information will be used and ensure them that they can withdraw from the research at any time (appendix two). 4. ETHICAL ISSUES Through my study as a social work student I will be guided by the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) Code of Ethics (2008) ethical responsibilities in research. The research carried out will be in line with social work practice and be sensitive to the â€Å"†¦wellbeing and dignity of participants† by integrating the following into the research proposed (ANZASW, 2008, p. 4). Before undertaking any recruitment the research proposed will be taken to the Western Institute of Technology (WITT) Ethics Committee to seek guidance and advice in regards to what research ethics committee I may need to gain approval from. This will ensure that the research meets the appropriate standards of being ethically sound. Within the voluntary recruitment process no partici pants will be â€Å"†¦obtained by coercion nor by force†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and at all times through out the research the participants have the right to withdraw without explanation to the researcher (Wilkinson, 2001, p. 6). The introduction letter (Appendix three) will be to ensure that participants are fully informed of all relevant information in regards to the nature, purpose and process of the research that is to be carried out. This information will be fully disclosed whether the participant has asked for it or not and will ensure that the participant gains full knowledge of what they are getting into (Wilkinson, 2001). This will all be disclosed before obtaining written consent (Appendix two) from the participants so that no deception occurs. Delwyn Field Page 11 All data collection methods will be conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi; partnership, participation and protection. The research will be conducted so that self determination is sustained. This will be through participants obtaining a full copy of the audio interview and written copy of the transcript for clarification. This will also provide the opportunity for them to change and omit any information that they do not wish to be disclosed. Confidentiality will be upheld, names of participants will be deleted. Participants will be informed though that some information given may enable them to be identified due to the size of the demographic area; so complete confidentiality can not be fully guaranteed. All information obtained will be destroyed on completion of the research project, with the option that participants may have information returned to them if they wish. The concern for harm within the research would be that the research topic may generate negative memories and emotions for the participants. Under the clause 8. 1 of the ANZASW Code of Ethics (2008) the researcher must â€Å"†¦take all possible steps to protect participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , if distress does occur a referral to a counselor will be provided (ANZASW, 2008, p. 14). This service will be available during and up to the completion of the research. Potential problems that may occur in trying to carry out the research may be the perception that I the researcher are too young, thus discrediting my ability causing the participants to not talk to me. Also the ability to gain participants who wish to share their stories of their chosen life path of voluntarily remaining childfree may be considered too personal to share. If not enough participants are found the sample may not be large enough to give a significant and fair analysis of the implications of remaining childfree in later life within the New Plymouth district. Delwyn Field Page 12 At all times I will seek supervision due to my own personal position within the research topic. This will be to ensure information obtained from the research will not spark off any negative mental discomfort in my own personal life. . CONCLUSION This research proposal is an opportunity for women to tell their stories and enlighten society that womanhood in later life is not just valued on motherhood, thus disputing pronaltist ideology (Riley, 2008). These stories will hopefully support existing literature and remove assumptions, allowing voluntarily childfree women to be more valued in our socie ty and not stereotyped for later life implications. One of the greatest benefits of this research is that undertaking research on women in later life who are voluntary childfree may assist future elderly generations. This is through providing rich data from their life stories which may conclude coping techniques to ensure well being an offset loneliness in later life. With using a feminist perspective in the qualitative research methodology the research will work for women and give a voice to empower them in their choices. The weakness of the research is that there is no quantitative data for triangulation which may have provided the research with more validity and reliability. Future studies within New Zealand will be beneficial due to the limitations of this proposed research. Delwyn Field Page 13 6. Bibliography Alice, L. (2003). Power, experience, and process in femininst research. In C. Davidson M. Tolich (Eds. ). Social Science Research In New Zealand: Many Paths to Understanding. (2nd ed. ). (pp 62- 68), Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Ltd. Alzheimer’s Society (2007, February). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and loneliness. Alzheimer’s Research News. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://alzheimers. org. uk/site/script/news_article Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). (2008). Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers: Code of Ethics. (2nd revision). New Zealand: Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). Ashcroft, C. DR (2009, April). Ageing in New Plymouth Planning for Tomorrow. New Zealand: Ministry of Social Development, New Zealand Government. Berk, L. (2007). Development Through the Lifespan (4th ed. ). United States of America: Person Education; Allyn and Bacon. Boddington, B. , Didham, R. (2008). Busy making other plans: Increases in childlessness in New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand; Demographic Trends. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://www. population. govt. nz/NR/rdonlyres Bryman, A. (2001). Social Research Methods. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Cameron, J. (1997). Without Issue: New Zealanders who choose not to have children. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. Cahill, T. (2003, October). You Assumed Wrong. Macleans. 116 (40) 52. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Connolly, M. (2002, Spring). Routes of Knowledge Toward Informed Practice: Differing Paradigms in Social Work Research. Social Work Review, 14 (3) 27-29 Connidis, I. A. , Davies, L. (1990). Confidents and Companions in Later Life: The Place of Family and Friends. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 5 (4) S141-149. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://socialsciences. gerontologyjournals. org/cgi/content/full//45/4/S141 Delwyn Field Page 14 Davey, B. (1999). Sketch of a Theory of loneliness. Perspective: Mental Help. net. 4 (4) 1-3. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://www. mentalhelp. net/poc_doc. php. Dyson, S. (1993). The Option of Parenthood. Great Britain: Sheldon Press, Londo n Jeffries, S. , Konnert, C. (2002). Regret and Psychological well being among voluntary and involuntarily childless women and mothers. International Journal of Ageing and Human Development, 54, 89-106. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from http://jfi. sagepub. com/cgi/reprint/30/5/670 New Plymouth District Council, (n. d. ). Living in New Plymouth: About New Plymouth. Retrieved June 16, 2009 fromhttp://www. newplymouthnz. com/livingNewPlymouth/AboutNewPlymouth/ Pitt, L. (1989). Patriarchs, Paddocks And The Personal: Five Women From The Wharehuia/ Te Popo District Talk About Their Lives. Unpublished Masters of Social Work Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North. Pittaway, K. (2001, November). Your Kids, Your Problem. Chatelaine. 74 (11) 44. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://proquest. umi. om/pqdweb Rempel, J. (1985, May). Childless Elderly: What are they Missing? Journal of Marriage and the Family. 47 (2) 343-348. Retrieved May 26, 2009 from http://www. jstor. org/stable/352134 Riley, T. M. (2008). Childfree couples experiences of stereotyping, harassment, and Pressure. Unpublished thesis of Masters of Social Science in Psychology, The University of Waikato, Hamilton. Rowland, R. (1982, M arch). An Exploratory Study of the Childfree Lifestyle1. Journal of Sociology. 18 (1) 17-30. Retrieved May 25, 2009 from http://jos. sagepub. com At Massey University Library. Smith, B. Noble-Spreull, C. (1986). An Overview of Feminist Research Perspectives in H. Marchant, B. Wearing. (Eds. ) Gender Reclaimed: Women In Social Work. Sydney: Hall Iremonger. Victor, C. , Bowling, A. , Bond, J. , Scambler, S. , (n. d) Loneliness, Social Isolation and Living Alone in Later Life. ESRC Society Today. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://www. esrcsocietytoday. ac. uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Plain_English Wane, J. (2008, May). Only the Lonely. North and South Magazine. 68-75 Delwyn Field Page 15 Webster, L. , Mertova, P. (2007). Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method: An Introduction to Using Critical Event Narrative Analysis in Research on Learning And Teaching. USA: Routledge Wilkinson, T. (2001). The Core Ideas in Research Ethics in M. Tolich (Ed. ). Research Ethics in Aotearoa New Zealand: Concepts, practice, Critique. (pp. 13-24). Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand. Zhang, Z. , Hayward, M. (2001). Childlessness and the Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 56:S311-S320. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://psychsoc. gerontologyjournals. org/cgi/content/full/56/5/S311 How to cite New Zealand Families Today, Papers

Creative writing A flower Essay Example For Students

Creative writing: A flower Essay A flower can be a beautiful object. Many can observe it. If a flower is cared for, provided with its needs than the flower is able to blossom and grow. If the flower is left out alone in the cold and rain it will die. A flower has feelings and emotions. It reacts to the weather and does not like the darkness. A flower needs nourishment and tender loving care. A flower must be dealt with in a tender and kind way. If not it will die. A flower must be left alone at times but must be attended to occasionally. A flower needs its light and warmth as well to be understood. If not it will die. A flower is a gentle and expressive thing. A flower when displayed properly can be the most beautiful thing in the world. It must be admired and cared for otherwise it will die. A flower will be insulted if not appreciated and cared for. A flower must not be neglected or abused. A flower can provide much happiness and joy to those who appreciate its exquisiteness and beauty. A flower needs a person just as a person needs a flower. If a flower is not cherished it will die.

6 Secret Weapons You Won’t Learn in Nursing SchoolÂÂ

6 Secret Weapons You Won’t Learn in Nursing School   We all know how much studying is required to become a nurse. But even after all those books and hours, there are a few tools in the magic toolbox that can help turn a nurse into a super healer over the course of his or her career. 1. Lie DetectionWhether a patient is too embarrassed to discuss the real problem or they’re struggling with addiction, the ER nurse is the b***s*** detecting first line of defense. Develop your sharpness in figuring out what a patient really needs (or doesn’t need) and you’ll help them in far greater numbers.2. Common SenseThis one is almost impossible to teach, but it is paramount- and doctors and nurses, particularly in the chaotic ER, tend to accumulate a lot of it. It’s what helps you keep your head and triage the situation.3. Cool Under ChaosControl is great, but it doesn’t always linger long in the ER. Most people, if dropped into that pandemonium, would crumble under the pressure. But keeping your cool with patients everywhere and unexpected problems? That’s a standard issue skill for nurses.4. Gut InstinctYou’ve studied everything there is to study, but you’re nothing without instinct. It’s a nurse’s secret weapon, honed over the course of a career. Patience, observation, and years of practice give nurses deeper insight, plus the confidence to listen to that gut feeling when it comes!5. A Noise-Cancelling BrainChaos is loud. Pagers, sirens, voices, and codes are flying and your task is to concentrate on listening to one heartbeat or one patient history. Learn how to tune out the excess noise and you’ll develop the ability to focus only on the highest priority.6. A Nose for ItNothing in the ER smells particularly good. But nurses have a keener sense of what the funkiest smells can mean, medically speaking. They’ve saved millions of hours and dollars expediting the diagnostic process with their Spidey sense.

Called To Believe Essays

Called To Believe Essays Called To Believe Essays 1. I believe that Gospel reading is seen to be shown in a wide sense. The Gospel passages themselves are narrow because they clearly state the actions God must take to restore sinful humanity. God makes no demands toward human beings, and this can be taken in a narrow sense. However, I believe that the gospel readings are seen to be in a wide sense because when evangelizing at a church or even at an outside event, there are many instances where all of the members are not true believers. In this case, the gospel should be generalized to invite newcomers into the true narrow meaning of the gospel, and grasp a deeper meaning in God’s word. 2. The death of Jesus Christ should be represented as Gospel, because it is what God did for us so that we could all be saved. God sacrificed his only son so that we would be able to be accepted into heaven. With the death of Jesus Christ, all sinners of the world were allowed to now have an afterlife, the blessing that God has given all believers. The gospel preaches of the great deed God has done for us and the fact that there is more to life, being the afterlife. Since Jesus Christ died for us, God shows us this is a part of the Gospel because now all believers will be accepted into heaven. 3. This statement is greatly confusing the law and gospel because God commands us what to do by his law. However, if we do not fulfill his goals and dreams for us, it is okay because by the gospel he will forgive us for our sins. This creates

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Family Law - Essay Example Even though the siblings do not stay in the same house, they must be allowed access to each other and more importantly must be aware of the fact that they have a half sibling. In this case, the boy’s mother does not have any right to keep the fact away from the boy. Also, according to the law half sibling has a right to Visitation and hence the girl has the right to have access to her brother. The boy’s mother cannot ignore the fact that they are half siblings and cannot make the decision for the boy even though he is under her custody. According to law in most jurisdictions, the view of the parent is of not much importance as compared to the interest of both the siblings involved. What is best to the siblings is what matters and hence, the girl in all right must get access to her half brother. As the half siblings will benefit from building a strong relationship by constant visitation, then non-biological parents are required to support and participate in such a visitation. A more serious issue in this case is not the visitation but the boy’s mother’s intention to not tell the boy about his half sister. Such a decision, can turn out be critical in the future for both the half siblings. There are numerous negative effects of half siblings not knowing about each other. Even if they do not have access to each other, they must be aware of the fact that they have a half sibling. There has been a recent incident that shows the negative effect of such secrecy. A couple have discovered that they are half brother and sister after they fell in love and have a child (Hanley, 2011). This is very dangerous and could have been avoided if the couple knew about their relation earlier. Also it is illegal for half siblings to enter the institution of marriage. Hanley, V. (2010). Couple discover they are siblings: Child courts blamed after strangers fall in love, have a son - and then find out they are half-brother and sister.

Call it what ever you like Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Call it what ever you like - Essay Example It is fighting for the liberation and the difficulties these people went through that made them to be known worldwide. Apart from those who spearheaded everything in the liberation, there are also people who actively participated in the liberation of the Blackman in the US and they are not pronounced as such in the history of the civil movement in the US. This paper considers the individuals who took active role in the liberation movement during the time and they were not captured as such in the conventional history. This reminds that in every epoch, there are those who stands out as the representation of the entire movement, this pairing down of the personalities at some times sounds bias as it does not account for a significant number of persons who played one role or the other during a period. This paper thus attempts to consider those not captured in the conventional history though played important roles in one way or the other-he is a family member. My grandfather was about 45 years by the time America was practicing racial discrimination against blacks and other races that were not Jews and white Europeans. The age is informed by the fact his first born who happens to be my father was already 20 years, going by the registration documents I could gather. My grandfather being an idealistic person did not endorse this tendency of discrimination. In this regard, he got involved in the grass root recruitment of the people during the many public demonstrations that were organized by the civil movement. According to my grandfather, they acted as the agents on the ground and they were used to pass information to the people so that objectives would be achieved. Following his involvement in the agitation for equality at the time, it came to my realization that probably he got intimidation and arrest by the officers more than those included in the history did. I was privileged to gather as

Law Assignments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Assignments - Research Paper Example This form of contract falls under the idea of Statute of Fraud as one of the parties has failed to complete assigned task on the basis of the agreement. Parol Evidence Doctrine: The Parol Evidence policy is a rule under contract law which binds/ restricts the court from admitting evidences from the parties involved in the contract, prior to the conduct of oral or written agreements. It is worth mentioning that determination of parol evidence is dependent on the basis of the final look of agreement that is done mutually by both the parties (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). Example: X and Y have mutually agreed to start a firm with equal capital and the share of profit was to be done equally. But on the day of sharing, it was found that though both the parties had invested equal amount of capital, but the profit was not distributed equally. This form of contract generally falls under the guidance of parol evidence doctrine. The contract can fall under the collateral contra ct as both the parties can be benefited. QUESTION 2 An assignment contract is a form of contract which provides an authority to give or transfer its rights to another/third party. It is generally viewed to be a transfer of a party’s benefit to a third party in terms of fully issuing authority rather than including the name of the party in a contract (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). Example of Assignment Contract: Suppose Sam has entered into contract with James to clean his lawn and all the waste from his backyard for US$ 300. It was seen that Sam later assigns the benefit arising from the contract (i.e. US$ 300) to Daniel, though his name was not mentioned in the contract. In this example, Sam is the assignor, Daniel is the assignee and James is the delegator. A delegation contract is a form of contract where the delegator has a right to transfer or transmit his duty to a delegate. Example of assignment contract: Suppose Rose had assign her right to Mary to col lect $US 1000 from one of her customer for the purchased made by the customer. In this case, Rose is the delegator, Mary is the delegate and the customer is the obligee. A third-party beneficiary mode of contract is regarded as a contract wherein a person who is neither a promisee nor a promisor is benefited by the performance of the contract. Example of assignment contract: Suppose Smith has applied for insurance with a company and has mentioned Mrs. Smith names as the nominee or the person whom the company would be liable to pay the amount after his death. In this scenario, the company is the promisor (as it promises to pay Mrs. Smith the required amount on her husband’s death), Mr. Smith is the promise and Mrs. Smith is the third party (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt 1-1250). QUESTION 3 Jude had entered into a contract with Edward to sell a bicycle which would have electrical braking and a light that would occur while cycling the paddles. Later, it was found that the specification of the electrical lighting method in the bicycle was not working resulting in default of 25% of the total amount mentioned in the contract. Edward also sued Jude for breach of contract as the specification was not complied with the requirements. In this similar concern, it can be stated that if the party sues for breach of contract and the defense of failure of conditions is asserted, certain theories are available that the plaintiff could assert resulting the court to

How Does Poverty Affect Crime?

How Does Poverty Affect Crime? LITERATURE REVIEW There is no question about it; poverty is a problem across the globe. Furthermore, in most parts of the world crime is also a concern. However the interpretation that poverty causes crime has been researched for centuries and yet no definitive answer has been discovered. Is there a relationship between these variables? Can your social class influence the crime you commit? Within this topic, three key common themes are repeatedly mentioned. They are as followed: first the disadvantaged neighborhoods, second criminal opportunity and social disorganization, and thirdly unemployment. This literature review aims to shine light of plausible evidence that explains and supports the question of; how does poverty influence criminal activity? The first theme that can be explored within researching this relationship between poverty and crime is disadvantaged neighbourhoods. This is a re-occurring theme amongst researchers on explaining how poverty influences crime. Current research has shown that communal factors influence an individual’s involvement in criminal activity. In a study that aimed to measure disadvantaged neighbourhoods with the likelihood of criminal behaviour, the results suggested that because families and individuals are inhibited in their residential selections, it may lead to violent delinquency (Decoster 735). Another aspect of the study emphasizes how those who receive public assistance or families who are headed by adults that only have a high school degree or less, are also likely to be involved in violent and criminal behaviour (Decoster 736). In retrospect, poverty, in the form of a disadvantaged and/or disorganized neighbourhood, according to multiple studies is a huge influential factor to the presence of violent and criminal behaviour amongst individuals and communities. So now, within these disadvantaged neighbourhoods an aspect that truly highlights the theme is neglecting the child. This aspect in past research has described that child neglect is completely associated with poverty (Nikulina 309). From this I deduce that the up-bringing of a child in low-income neighborhoods can affect crime. Another example of how disadvantaged neighbourhoods can influence crime is policing practices. Whether it is purposely executed or accidently performed, there seems to always be a disparity amongst arrests between individuals of upper-class neighbourhoods and those of lower-class neighbourhoods. Thus, the targeting of poverty reddened neighbourhoods can heavily influence criminal activity. Studies that empirically support my argument of police targeting which effects criminal activity can be understood when reviewing the study done by David Kirk. He examined the relationship between concentrated poverty and ethnically centric neighbourhoods. The results of his study expresses that concentrated poverty does influence arrest totals (Kirk 73). However, the theme of disadvantaged neighbourhoods to explaining how poverty influences crime has its limitations. Majority of its research and empirical data overlooks the social context and the impression of the community by focusing on individuals that are affected by poverty. It is difficult to gather empirical data concerning a neighbourhood. For example, Decoster mentions that there study might have been dissimilar if they could have had access to communal level measures of social wealth, â€Å"such as the densities of ties within neighbourhoods and pervasiveness of collective supervision† (740). So how can future studies incorporate a communal context rather than an individual context? Decoster attempts to answer this question by suggesting that families and communities sometimes feel obligated to indorse social ties for the good of the community and not for external resources (741). Therefore, focusing on these social ties can bring to light a more societal context of how poverty can influence crime. The second common theme that can be drawn out from these scholarly articles in analyzing if poverty can influence crime is Social Disorganization and Criminal Opportunity. These themes have been prevalent in the articles and differently explain the link between poverty and crime. Individuals that are poor and do not have the means to provide for themselves might resort to illegitimate ways to obtain these means. For example poverty can cause social strain and disorganization within a community or an individual. Thus, this may encourage some individuals to turn to illegitimate ways to provide for themselves. Criminal opportunity theory claims that criminal behavior is encouraged by human rationality, it also distinguishes that rationality is restricted for the criminal. This means that their cost-benefit calculation is limited to the short term and their immediate environment (Hannon 365). Poverty almost seems like a gateway for criminal activity because individuals reaffirm the idea that criminal behaviour is their only means of sustainability. In this capacity, poverty does influence crime. This argument of social disorganization and criminal opportunity as factors to why poverty influences crime does have some relation to childhood neglect. In a study that measured childhood neglect and childhood family poverty, these variables were significant predictors of criminal behaviour (Nikulina 315). If a child has been neglected from his childhood onward, then the likely hood of criminal behaviour is higher because the opportunities to commit these actions are present. However, the only limitation I can gather from these studies is that most of it examines the determinants of poverty rather than its consequences. A third theme that is seen when explaining the influence of poverty on crime is Unemployment. Obviously, the correlation between poverty and unemployment is undeniable; however the ways in which these articles explain the link to crime is not understandable. For example Luciano Mauro argues that economic growth factors into the representation of crime. I immediately seemed puzzled at this statement. I felt that if economic growth existed in communal regions than how does high unemployment persist? And since unemployment is substituted with economic growth, how does poverty exist? Mauro does however suggest that the empirical data confirms that â€Å"Crime and unemployment have long-run income level effects† (450) but it seems peculiar to how he ended up at that conclusion. To better comprehend this theme; I began to ask myself how does unemployment affect crime? The only answer I could think of referred back to the criminal opportunity theory. According to the criminal opportunity perspective, â€Å"economic deprivation increases criminal motivation and ability by causing social strain and disorganization† (Hannon 366). This seems to suggest that if someone experiences high levels of poverty then you are most likely to use criminal activity to achieve your means. For example, in accordance with the theme of unemployment, if an individual or the majority of a neighbourhood is unemployed, then the chances of resorting to criminal behaviour are higher. However if you only experience low levels of poverty then the likelihood of resorting to criminal behaviour is low. References De Coster, Stacy, Karen Heimer, and Stacy M. Wittrock. Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Capital, Street Context, and Youth Violence.The Sociological Quarterly47.4 (2006): 723-53.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Kirk, David S. THE NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN ARREST*.Demography45.1 (2008): 55,63,65-67,69-71,73-77.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Stretesky, Paul B., Amie M. Schuck, and Michael J. Hogan. Space Matters: An Analysis of Poverty, Poverty Clustering, and Violent Crime.Justice Quarterly21.4 (2004): 817-41.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Nikulina, Valentina, Cathy Spatz Widom, and Sally Czaja. The Role of Childhood Neglect and Childhood Poverty in Predicting Mental Health, Academic Achievement and Crime in Adulthood.American Journal of Community Psychology48.3-4 (2011): 309-21.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Vacha, Edward F., and T. F. McLaughlin. Risky Firearms Behavior in Low-Income Families of Elementary School Children: The Impact of Poverty, Fear of Crime, and Crime Victimization on Keeping and Storing Firearms.Journal of Family Violence19.3 (2004): 175-84.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Berk, Richard A., Kenneth J. Lenihan, and Peter H. Rossi. Crime and Poverty: Some Experimental Evidence from Ex-Offenders.American Sociological Review45.5 (1980): 766-86.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Mauro, Luciano, and Gaetano Carmeci. A Poverty Trap of Crime and Unemployment.Review of Development Economics11.3 (2007): 450-62.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Savelsberg, Joachim J. The Perils of Federalism: Race, Poverty, and the Politics of Crime Control.Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews38.5 (2009): 423-4.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Hannon, Lance. Criminal Opportunity Theory and the Relationship between Poverty and Property Crime.Sociological Spectrum22.3 (2002): 363-81.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Lobao, Linda, and David Kraybill. Poverty and Local Governments: Economic Development and Community Service Provision in an Era of Decentralization.Growth and Change40.3 (2009): 418-51.ProQuest.Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

The Dentists Office Essay -- Descriptive Writing Examples, Observation

The Dentist's Office Dr. Rust's Office, these three words echo throughout my head and I can't breathe. I sit in this awful discomforting place. My body shakes in terror and Suddenly I hear a soft comforting voice say my name, "Genna, Dr. Rust is ready to see you now." On the outside, I am smiling and happy, but on the inside, I scream in terror. Although I had been there and experienced that extreme pain many times before, I dreaded yet another visit to the dentist. Fifteen minutes ago I drove up to the old brick building in Delta, Colorado. Out front was an old wooden sign reading, "Rust, P L D.D.S." I got out of my comfortable homey car, and headed toward the door that said, "ENTER." I took a deep breath and opened the door. A clean but musty smell instantly filled my lungs. The old place was very cold and uncomfortable. The lady at the desk smiled at me and said, "Have a seat it will only be a few minutes." I turn around to look for the chairs and saw the west wall covered with old cracked wallpaper plastered with flowers. I glance behind me and see the receptionist desk once again, and the bulletin board on the wall next to it with dentist jokes and advertisements all over it. The receptionist smiles at me again and I turn back around. I see that the North and South walls are covered with old wood paneling. One wall has the door in which I just entered, and the other has the dark tunnel leading to the exam rooms. I spot the chairs just across the waiting room on both walls. I quickly choose the end one with green and orange flowers covering it and sit down. When sitting, I look down at the floor and I am not surprised to see the ancient gold shag carpet beneath my feet. I Sit in the freezing cold waiting room,... ..., and maneuvered its long bendy stem until it pointed right into my mouth. As he began to work, I stared in a daze at Dr. Rust's thick glasses. When he was done filling my tooth, I got out of the enormous chair and made my way back to the waiting room. I said, "goodbye" to the nurse and left that awful place. Outside, I took a deep breath of cool fresh air. I practically ran to get inside my safe car. When back inside i cried in excruciating pain, I couldn't even feel my face. I sat there for a while thinking of those three terrifying words, Dr. Rust's office. I inserted the key into my ignition, turned it and drove away. When I knew I was home safe, I looked into my rear-view mirror. When I saw that old rickety building filled with bad experiences, I realized that that had been the most uncomfortable place I had ever visited, and I surely wasn't going to return.

American Fashion

Since the advent of globalization, there has been an eruption of fashion trends that break the barriers of clothing design like never before. American clothing apparel and other foreign products are now able to share and adopt each other’s styles, giving them unlimited opportunities to constantly innovate in order for them to remain on the top of the business. The latest technologies also allow them to mass produce and sell their products with much ease. The developments in today’s fashion industry have allowed it to become one of the biggest economic institutions in the world.But fashion will not have become what it is today without the influences of its past. Therefore it is only but necessary to discuss American fashion’s history and the changes it had gone through to become what it is today. American fashion first took shape during the colonial era. Although the clothes were noticeably copied from the British, this laid the foundation to what will become the distinct American style. America saw a different picture during this time. Although trade had already become an everyday activity to them, there was hardly any technology that offered them the assortment of clothes we have today.Only natural fabrics were available for them at that time and the clothing the people used were usually sewn by the female members of the family. Wool and linen were the most common as they were readily available. Farmers obtained their wool from the sheep they own, and linen which was regularly used by the more deprived people came from a field crop called Flax plant. Although the soil in America was suitable for growing cotton crops, they were forbidden by the British government to grow them.The British had the monopoly over the cotton industry as one of their other colonies- India was the leading producer of cotton. The importation of British cotton to America made it expensive and was only patronized mostly by the rich as they were the only ones who coul d really afford them. Silk which mainly came from China was a prized commodity as it was also uncommon. Wealthy men included silk as well as cotton in their attire as replacements to the regular wool and linen. On ordinary days, men typically wore coats and tight trousers while women usually wore long sleeved dresses.It is interesting to note that the Americans during this period still did not consider undergarments as part of their wardrobe. During the late 1880’s, wave after wave of immigrants came to the United States as its booming economy presented opportunities to them. The spate of immigrants caused American fashion to evolve as their influences were no longer limited to the British fashion. The different styles from different countries were now being introduced as well. American fashion became more distinct in the 1920’s as the Americans became less conservative.The changing views within the society also gave the women the opportunity to express themselves. The y were increasingly being part of the work force, they were now allowed to vote and they were now also granted the independence to do the activities that they weren’t usually allowed to do before. To simply put it, the women in the 20’s were beginning to play more active roles in the society. Dancing was popular in the 20’s so the women wore shorter skirts for these allowed them to swing freely as they moved.The chemise dress and the coat dress were common during this period. Women also sported short hairstyles to suit their cloches- a type of hat which became trendy among women toward the end of the 1920’s. The great depression in the late 1920s that went on until the early 30s almost brought America to its knees if it was not for their determination to become a World power once more. During this time, buying new clothes was not a priority as the majority of the people barely had enough money to get them through the days. But this did not stop American f ashion from evolving.America’s economic breakdown brought about simpler, yet creative designs which were practical and relatively cheaper to make. Gowns with bow ties on the back and fur accessories were popular among women while men wore striped suits with padding and straight pants which was considered the early design of today’s business suits. Blazers were also popular among men as they were in England. Americans returned to being conservative in the 50s as they became more and more anti-communism. The Americans wanted to instill to the rest of the world their religious, conservative side.Girls started wearing longer skirts again while men wore jeans and denim jackets on top of plain white shirt like James Dean who happened to be a very popular actor during this time. A new fabric called nylon also found its way in the clothing industry right after World War 2. From being used in parachutes, nylon became the fabric used in women’s stockings as well as other apparels. The 60s and the 70s were very significant to the transformation of American fashion, and of course the American culture as the youth had the urge to free themselves from the current conventions of the society.The new perspective on life brought about by the emerging hippie movement also carried with it a new sense of style. The hippies often sported American-Indian inspired outfits in earth tones. This supported their image as ‘tree-huggers and peace defenders. But other than the hippie fashion, Punk also came into play in the fashion scene. The extreme styles reflected the radical ethos of the youth. The 80’s was the period when Americans attempted to fully utilize technology and incorporate it in their everyday lives. This was the time when the people seemed so eager to turn the stuff from sci-fi movies into reality.Synthesizers became a staple musical instrument as new wave became popular, the designs of the cars became more aerodynamic, and there were also important innovations in video technology which gave way to home movies. Spandex outfits in bright neon colors were very fashionable as their being stretchable matched the athletic lifestyles of the people, not to mention that the material also had the ‘futuristic’ look to it. Outrageous hairstyles which were ‘big’ and ‘heavy’ were also very fashionable during this period.Although bright colors from the past decade were still tolerated, the dawn of the 90’s was greatly in contrast to the flamboyant 80s. It was the time when the youth chose a simpler lifestyle. Rubber shoes, T-shirts and jeans were regularly worn by the teenagers. Grunge, a popular musical genre during this period was a huge factor in the 90’s fashion scene. Grunge bands like Nirvana and Pearl Jam despised the loud costumes rock stars wore on stage and chose to wear simple clothes instead. Their fans followed suit and the new grunge style soon turned out to be ver y popular and stayed its place all through out the 90’s.The simplistic style from the 90’s is still carried on today. And now that globalization is in full throttle, foreign styles are playing their parts in American fashion. The modern American outfit incorporate the classy designs from fashion hubs like Italy and Paris, and the simplistic style form the 90’s that is still carried on today. 2000 onwards saw a subtler approach to fashion, and at the same time offered the people a larger variety of styles to choose from. A certain style is no longer exclusive to a certain place. Trends in fashion are now shared by people all over the globe, may it be in Japan, Italy or America.But even without the technologies we have today, even without the kind of business we have today, it is still inherent in us to share our progress to each other, may it be new devices or clothes. It has occurred since the dawn of civilization and it without a doubt will continue occurring i n the present and the future. And now that we are fast becoming more and more of a global community, it is only but certain that the different concepts from every culture will influence us in the way we dress, the way we think and the way we do things.No one is really certain of what the future of American fashion is. But it certainly promises a lot of changes. Better fabrics will continue to be developed. Someday we might not need to wash our clothes anymore as microscopic chemicals or robots sewn in our shirts will automatically remove the stains. Nanotechnology is now becoming a big part in our lives, and will most definitely be utilized in the future. And as technology furthers itself, nanotechnology will start finding its way in the clothes of the future. But as for now, we can only imagine the wonders of what the future will bring us.

Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays

Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Essay Topic: City Lights The UK air power industry has undergone important alteration in the last several old ages. In 2000 Air Canada completed its coup detat of Canadian Airlines, which left it with in surplus of 80 per centum market portion. Market laterality leads to different menu and service quality degrees. As a consequence of higher menus, for illustration, we should happen higher absolute values of snaps of demand merely because with higher menus we have moved further up the demand curve. In 1996 Ryanair entered the market and has continued to turn each twelvemonth. Canada 3000 exited the market in 2001, as did Canjet and Royal ( as portion of Canada 3000 ) . Roots air hose has come and gone but Canjet has reemerged in eastern Canada.The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in t he market will take to higher demand snap estimations. Introduction Ryanair isaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . British Airways isaˆÂ ¦.. This papers reports the findings of a reappraisal of the economic sciences and concern literature on empirically-estimated own-price snap of demand for air travel for Ryan air and British Airways. It refers to the informations on page two of the assignment press release to both above air hoses to exemplify and explicate the constructs of monetary value snap of demand and income snap of demand. The intent of this survey is to describe on all or most of the economic sciences and concern literature covering with through empirical observation estimated demand maps for air travel and to roll up a scope of menu snap steps for air travel provide in the information on the 2nd page of the assignment subject and supply some judgement as to which snap values would be more representative of the true values to be found in different air hose such as Ryan air and British air passages, moreover will measure the accomplishment of cost nest eggs of Ryan air through fixed costs and variable costs every bit good as composing a critical analysis the article on BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Price Elasticity of Demand and Income snap of demand in the context of air travel demand: ( Ryan air A ; British Airways ) This paragraph identifies two distinguishable monetary values for air travel. Specifically, it is observed that surveies of the demand for air travel demand should separate among monetary values for: Low cost bearer ( LCC ) and Full Service Carrier ( LCC ) ; concern and leisure travel ; long-haul and short-haul travel ; and international and European long-haul travel. Consequently, to analyze the sensitiveness of the demand for air travel to its monetary value, separate estimations of the own-price snap of demand are gathered for each of these two distinct markets. 3.1. Price Elasticity of Demand Price Elasticity of Demand is a numerical value which describes the grade of reactivity of demand to alterations in monetary values . ( Andrew, D. 1988: 260 ) The demand for a peculiar good or service depends on a assortment of factors. Key influences include the gustatory sensations of consumers, the degrees of consumer income, the monetary value and quality of the merchandise in inquiry and the monetary values of other goods, particularly goods that are close replacements. In order to obtain utile estimations of the monetary value sensitiveness of demand for a merchandise, research workers must carefully command for all the factors impacting the demand. As a general regulation, one time other influences on demand stay unchanged, a higher monetary value for a merchandise leads in a lower measure demanded. However, the monetary value reactivity of demand varies from one good to another and from one market to another. Since the handiness of alternate manners of transit that are moderately close replacements for air conveyance diminishes with distance travelled, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance will be less elastic for longer flights typical illustration of British air passages with is a Full service Carrier than for shorter flights typical illustration of Ryan air. Further, international travel tends to be spread over more clip than domestic travel, so that the airfare is a smaller proportion of overall trip costs, which makes international travel less sensitive to alterations in ticket monetary values. In add-on, leisure travelers are more likely to prorogue trips to specific locations in response to higher menus, or to shop around for those locations offering more low-cost menus. Consequently, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance for leisure grounds will be more elastic than concern travel. Harmonizing to Anthony et Al ( 2000 ) Ryan air monetary values direction is consistently offering different monetary values to different client sections in response to demand whereas ( Kimes, 1989 ) suggests that the squad in charge of output direction demand to place how alterations in monetary value will impact their clients. Within the air hose industries client demand may be higher on hebdomad terminals, during Summer months, or at peculiar times of a twenty-four hours, ( Belobaba, 1987 ) . Directors must be able to calculate time-related demand so that they can do effectual pricing and allotment determination to pull off the shoulder periods about high demand period. However the corporate concern traveler during the hebdomad becomes a leisure traveler when on vacation or at week-ends. Different juncture find the same consumer holding different outlook and demands, ( Buttle, 1986 ) . Such a construct is termed snap of demand. Harmonizing to the Data downloaded from Ryan air website giving on page two of the assignment topic the monetary value of the flight on the twenty-four hours it been downloaded is far more higher than the monetary value of the flight on other following yearss of the hebdomad twenty-four hours. But when nearing the terminal of the week-end or school vacation, there is a immense demand and the increased demand drives the monetary value up once more as client are returning from their holiday or household are traveling on vacation. The low cost air hoses such as Ryan air follow the pricing scheme outlined above. Customers booking early with bearers such as Ryan air will usually come across lower monetary values if they are ready to perpetrate themselves to a flight by booking early. This gives the air hose the asset of meaningful how full their flights are likely to be and a beginning of cash-flow in the hebdomads and months prior to the service being provided. Closer to the day of the m onth and clip of the scheduled service, the monetary value rises, on the simple justification that consumer s demand for a flight becomes more inelastic the nearer to the clip of the service. Peoples who book tardily frequently regard travel to their planned finish as a demand and they are hence likely to be prepared and able to pay a much higher monetary value really near to going. Airlines call this monetary value favoritism output direction but despite the consider name, at the bosom of this pricing scheme is the straightforward but of import construct monetary value snap of demand. The air hoses have become Masterss at monetary value favoritism as a agency of maximizing gross from riders going on the flight webs. Other conveyance concerns do the same! Ryanair has a place pricing policy that causes menus to lift as a flight fills up. Following theory of supply and demand, if client wants a place so severely, they will pay more for it than otherwise. 3.2. Income Elasticity of Demand It is defined as numerical values which describe the reactivity of demand to a alteration in consumer incomes. ( John, S. 2005 ) Because of the recession, demand for low cost flights grew quickly as household with higher income who were going with full service bearer before would prefer low cost than traditional air hoses and some current low cost client with low income may prefer domestic flight or would merely prefer non to go by air. However, since snap is mensurating proportionate alteration, snap values will alter along about all demand maps, including additive demand curves. Appraisal of snap values is hence most utile for foretelling demand responses in the locality of the ascertained monetary value alterations. As a related issue, researcher demand to acknowledge that in markets where monetary value favoritism is possible sum informations will non let for accurate anticipations of demand responses in the relevant market sections. In air travel, flights by a bearer are basically joint merchandises dwelling of differentiated service packages that are identified by menu categories. However the output direction systems employed by full-service bearers ( FSCs ) besides create a complex signifier of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism, in which some menus ( typically economic system category ) diminution and some addition ( typically full-fare concern category ) as the going day of the month draws nearer. Thi s implies that ideally, empirical surveies of air travel demand should divide concern and leisure travelers or at least be able to include some information on booking times in order to account for this monetary value favoritism, and that monetary value informations should be calibrated for inter-temporal monetary value favoritism: for illustration, the usage of full-fare economic system category ticket monetary values as informations will overrate the absolute value of the monetary value snap coefficient. Within the set of differentiated service packages that comprise each ( joint merchandise ) flight, the comparative monetary values are of import in explicating the comparative easiness of permutation between service categories. Given the nature of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism for flights, the comparative monetary value could besides alter significantly in the clip period prior to a going clip. In peculiar alterations in existent income and the monetary values of replacements or complements will impact demand. Alternate transit manners ( route and rail ) are of import variables for short-haul flights, while income effects should be measured for both short and long-haul. Oum et Al. ( 1992 ) provide valuable tools that occur when measuring the demand theoretical accounts. Air travel demand can be affected by alterations in the monetary values and service quality of other manners. For short-haul paths ( markets ) the comparative monetary value and service properties of car and train would necessitate to be included in any theoretical account ; peculiarly for short-haul markets such as low cost air hose. Failure to include the monetary value and service properties of replacements will bias the snap. For illustration, if airfares addition and car costs are besides increasing, the airfare snap would be overestimated if car costs were excluded. The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in the market will take to higher demand snap estimations. One should non confound low cost bearers with a looking deficiency of working monopoly power. High monetary values or menus are non synonymous with monopoly and low menus with competition. Airlines like Ryanair where they are the exclusive air hose functioning the market may still move as a monopolizer but charge low ( Er ) fares. Net income maximizing monopolizers monetary value where fringy cost peers fringy gross, if fringy cost is low, one should anticipate to see lower menus but still fringy cost and gross are equalized. Monopolists are by and large viewed as being high monetary value because they are high cost and the high costs are attributable to some grade from a deficiency of competitory subject in the market. Full service bearers runing with hub-and-spoke systems have a high cost concern theoretical account while low cost bearers have a low cost concern theoretical account. How low cost bearers such as Ryan air able to accomplish cost nest eggs? Fixed Costs and Variable Costss. Ryan air s concern theoretical account is focus around its general low cost doctrine. That is Ryan air efforts to cut all non value adding activities as it strives to drive costs down to the absolute lower limit. Below are typical illustrations how it drives its downwards which include selling straight to its client over the cyberspace or over the phone instead than via agents and jobbers, therefore salvaging committee cost and administrative cost. Ryan air is a ticketless as most of it client bargain over the cyberspace, in return for a engagement mention that is exchanged at the checking counter at the airdrome for a embarkation base on balls. The air hose has no in flight repasts which is a cost economy step that can non be much incommodiousness to its client since all Ryan air flights are short draw. Nevertheless has subcontracted catering services on its flights where client can purchase an in flight repast and drink should they wish which is another manner of impulsive monetary value. Cabin crew double up as cleansing agent and this helps Ryan air to assure a turnaround clip at any airdrome of 30 min instead than 45-60 min that has FSC s been the norm. Another cost film editing device, is the typical illustration is the UK smaller airdromes such as London Luton, cheaper to wing to from than bigger airdromes such as Heathrow which it is use at least as its base as they are less congestion and facilitate turnaround times for aircraft to be a batch shorter. 4.1. Fixed Costss Fixed Costss are defined as the Sum costs that do non change with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005:82 ) Ryan air as a LCC operate in the environment of high fixed cost, fixed capacity in the short term, a perishable merchandise and seasonal demand. Virtually all of air hose s costs can be considered fixed. The cost of the capital tied up in the plane, the fuel it take to wing the path, the crew it will take to staff the land and flight operations insurance, rent, etcaˆÂ ¦ All these cost are fixed once the company decides to wing a peculiar path and the variable costs associated with functioning another rider on the flight are figure lively peanuts. Ryan air generates sufficient gross through accessory services such as auto leases, adjustment, currency, travel insurance, minutess, refreshments, to cover variable costs and countervail at least some fixed cost. Management believes that supplying these services through the cyberspace allows Ryan air to increase gross revenues, while at the same clip cut downing costs on a per unit footing. 4.2 Variable Costss Variable Costss are defined as the sum costs that do vary with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005: 82 ) The comparatively low variable costs associated with many capacity- constrained Ryan air allow for some pricing flexibleness and give operators the options of cut downing pricing during low demand times. Ryan air ever seeks for low variable costs. Below are factors that aid Ryanair to keep a low variable cost: One type of aircraft, direction believes that its scheme of restricting its fleet chiefly to three discrepancies of a individual type of aircraft from a individual maker enables it to restrict the costs associated with forces developing, care and the purchase and storage of trim parts, every bit good as affording greater flexibleness in the programming of crews and equipment. Pricing is based purely upon gross maximization procedure that matches the purposes and aims of monetary values snap of demand Internet booking which cut paper and administrative costs No airdrome gross revenues offices/ no cancellations Charging a excess for inordinate luggage Maximization of place capacity per plane Use of less expensive airdrome as Ryan air been offered inducements is a controversial 1 Ryan air manager of communications. Ryan air further enterprise to cut down its airdrome charges by choosing, when operable, for less expensive gate locations every bit good as out-of-door get oning stepss instead than more expensive jet ways. Ryan air has entered into in understandings on competitory footings with 3rd party contractors at certain airdromes for traveler and aircraft handling, fining and other services that direction believes can be more cost resourcefully provided by 3rd parties. Management efforts to obtain competitory rates for such services by negociating multi-year contracts at monetary values that are fixed or capable merely to periodic additions related to rising prices. One of the typical illustration is the monetary value of air power fuel which is straight related to the cost of oil but Ryan air control this through hedge. All these factors listed supra contributed to a low variable cost of Ryan air, a cardinal constituent in any successful output direction system and supply an chance for purchase against its major rivals. Critical analysis of the issues involved in the undermentioned article: BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Decision